مبانی تربیت اخلاقِ دینی بر اساس دیدگاههای محمد غزالی

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رشته‌ی برنامه‌‌ریزی درسی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی آرای تربیتی غزالی در حوزه‌ی اخلاق (به جهت ابتنای آن بر مبانیِ اصیل دینی)، و احصاء و ارائه‌ی مبانی تبیینی او در این زمینه، با استفاده از «روش تحلیلی-تفسیری»، به مرحله‌‌ی انجام رسیده است. نتایج حاصله حاکی از آن است که غزالی در حوزه‌ی انسان‌شناسی، نگاهی دو بُعدگرا با تأکید ویژه بر «کرامت ذاتی و الهیِ انسان» و نیز «جنبه‌ی نفسانی و روحانی وجودِ او» دارد. در مبحث خداشناسی، غزالی، خداوند را «کانون و محورِ عالَم» به شمار آورده و گرایش آدمیان به خداشناسی را «امری فطری» و «مبتنی بر سرشتِ الهی» آنان معرفی می‌کند. در حوزه‌ی هستی‌شناسی، غزالی جهانِ هستی را برخوردار از دو بُعدِ «عالَمِ ماده» و «عالَمِ آخرت» معرفی می‌کند که مساعی و زیستِ آدمی در هر دوی آن‌ها، لازم و ملزوم یکدیگر است. در خصوص مبانی روان‌شناختی، تشریحات غزالی بر «نقش عقل و اراده در شکل‌دهیِ رفتارِ اخلاقیِ آدمی»، «نحوه‌ی کسبِ ارزش‌های اخلاقی»، «چگونگی قضاوت اخلاقی و انگیزش اخلاقی»، «غایت اخلاق‌ورزیِ آدمی» و «ملاک و هدفِ اعتدال قوا» استوار است. در حوزه‌ی‌ مبانیِ ارز‌ش‌شناختی، تأکید و تمرکز غزالی بر «احوالاتِ ایجادکننده‌ی رفتار به‌جای خودِ رفتار»، «مخالفت با ریشه‌کنی غرایز از وجودِ آدمی به‌عنوانِ ریشه‌ی فضائل و رذایل اخلاقی در انسان»، و نیز «تأکید بر هماهنگی و توازن میان قوای سه‌گانه‌ی نفس، به‌عنوان زیبایی اصیل و نهایی» می‌باشد. و در نهایت در حوزه‌ی معرفت‌شناختی، «امکانِ حصول معرفت در حوزه‌ی اخلاق» و نیز «میزان توسل و تأکید بر عقل و وحی در تشخیصِ حُسن و قُبح اَفعال» از موارد مورداشاره‌ی غزالی است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

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