ماهیت دانش تدریس و دانش معلمان: مقایسه دیدگاه شولمن و فنسترماخر

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 فردوسی مشهد

2 تربیت مدرس

چکیده

هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی و مقایسه دیدگاه‌های دو صاحب نظر در زمینه دانش پایه تدریس و دانش معلمان، لی شولمن و گری فنسترماخر می‌باشد. شولمن اشکال دانش تدریس را شامل انواع دانش گزاره‌ای (موضوعی)، دانش موردی و دانش راهبردی می‌داند و دانش پایه تدریس و دانش معلمان را شامل طبقه‌های مختلف دانش محتوایی، دانش محتوایی- تربیتی، دانش عمومی تربیتی، دانش برنامه درسی، دانش درباره یادگیرندگان و خصوصیات آنها، دانش درباره موقعیت تربیتی و دانش درباره هدف‌ها، مقاصد و ارزش‌های تربیتی و زمینه‌های تاریخی و فلسفی معرفی می‌کند. فنسترماخر، اشکال دانش تدریس را به دو دسته کلی، دانش رسمی تدریس و دانش عملی تدریس تقسیم می‌کند. فنسترماخر عناصر تدریس خوب را شامل فعالیت‌های منطقی، فعالیت‌های روان‌شناختی و فعالیت‌های اخلاقی می‌داند. هر دو دیدگاه از اندیشه‌های شواب تأثیر پذیرفته اند و هر دو دانش تدریس و دانش معلمان را هم از جهت عملی و هم از جهت نظری و موضوعی مورد مطالعه قرار دادند. در این میان، فنسترماخر تاکید بیشتری روی عمل معلمان و دانش عملی آنها دارد.

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