از پرسش های متخیلانه تا آفرینش های خلاقانه

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

تربیت مدرس

چکیده

هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تبیین و تشریح دو رویکرد تربیتی پرسش محور و پاسخ محور و پیامدهای این دو رویکرد بر رفتارهای متخیلانه و خلاقانه کودکان می‌باشد. برای دست‌یابی به این هدف از روش توصیفی– تحلیلی بهره گرفته شد. در این راستا، روابط میان پرسشگری، تخیل و خلاقیت مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته و نقش رویکردهای تربیتی مختلف در تقویت یا تضعیف این ویژگی ها تبیین شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می دهد که چگونه رویکردهای تربیتی متفاوت می توانند فرصت و زمینه آفرینندگی را فراهم کرده یا از بین ببرند. بر این اساس استدلال شد که یک محیط تربیتی پاسخ محور قدرت تخیل دانش آموزان را خشکانده و خلاقیت آنها را زایل می سازد. اگر نظام های تربیتی علاقه مند به تقویت آفرینندگی دانش آموزان هستند، باید فرصت پرسشگری را برای دانش آموزان فراهم نمایند و آنها را برای پرسیدن پرسش های متخیلانه تشویق و تحریک کنند. درواقع، خلاقیت در یک فضای پرسشگرانه شکوفا می شود نه در محیطی که تأکید بر پاسخ های مشخص، مهم‌ترین ویژگی آن است. بنابراین، نظام آموزش ‌و پرورش باید تخیل و پرسشگری را به عنوان دو ویژگی مهم تفکر انسان که اندیشیدن به امکان های جدید و راه حل های بدیع را میسر ساخته و خلاقیت را امکان پذیر می سازد، ارج گذاشته و مورد تأکید قرار دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Berger, W. (2014). A More Beautiful Question: The Power of Inquiry to Spark Breakthrough Ideas, USA: Bloomsbury.
Burnard, P., Craft, A., & Grainger, T. et al. (2006). Documenting ‘possibility thinking’: A journey of collaborative enquiry, Early Years: An International Research Journal, 143, 243-262.
Caplan, J. (2006). Google's Chief Looks Ahead, interview with Google's CEO Eric Schmidt, California, TIME.
Chappell, K., Craft, A., Burnard, P., Cremin, T. (2008). Question-posing and Question-responding: the heart of possibility thinking in the early years, Early Years: An International Research Journal, 283, 267-286.
Craft, A. (2000). Creativity across the primary curriculum: Framing and Developing Practice, London: Routledge Falmer.
Craft, A. (2008). Fostering Creativity in Children (M. Noorani, Trans.). Ahvaz: Rasesh, (In Persian).
Craft, A., Mcconnon L., & Matthews, A. (2012). Creativity and child-initiated play, Thinking Skills and Creativity 71, 48-61.
Cremin, T., Burnard, P., & Craft, A. (2006). Pedagogy and Possibility Thinking in the Early Years, Thinking Skills and Creativity, 1(2), 108–119.
Cremin, T., Chappell, K., & Craft, A. (2013). Reciprocity between narrative, questioning and imagination in the early and primary years: examining the role of narrative in possibility thinking, Thinking Skills and Creativity, 9, 135–151.
Dewey, J. (1931). Philosophy and civilization, New York: Minton, Balch.
Dewey, J. (1934). Art as experience, New York: Perigee Books.
Einstein, A., Infeld, L. (1961). The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive.
Eisner, E. W. (1982). Cognition and Curriculum: A Basis for Deciding What to Teach, New York: Longman.
Eisner, E. W. (1983). The Kind of Schools We Need. Educational Leadership, 41(2), 48-55.
Eisner, E. W. (1998). The kind of schools we need: personal essays, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Eisner, E. W. (2005). Reimagining schools: The selected works of Elliot W. Eisner. New York: Routledge.
Elias, J. (1995). The philosophy of Education: classical and contemporary. New York: Krieger Publishing Company.
Fleith, De. S. (2000). Teacher and Student Perceptions of Creativity in the Classroom Environment. Roeper Review, 22(3), 148-153.
Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Trans Myra Bergman Ramos, New York: A Continuum Book the Seabury.
Gadamer, H. G. (1994). Truth and Method (J. Weinsheimer and D. G. Marshall,Trans.). 2nd Ed, Continuum, New York.
Gadamer, H. G. (2008). Philosophical Hermeneutics (D. Edward Linge, Trans.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
Gardner, H. (2007). Five Minds for the Future. Boston MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Greene, M. (1995). Releasing the imagination: Essays on education, the arts, and social change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Harpaz, Yoram. (2005). Teaching and Learning in a Community of Thinking, Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 20(2), 136-157.
Iannone, R. (2001). Imagination: The missing link in curriculum and teaching. Education, 122(2), 307-309.
Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological Types: The Collected works of C. G. Jung, (H. G. Baynes, & R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). Vol. 6, NJ: Princeton University Press, (Original work published 1921).
Kaila, H. L. (2005). Democratizing schools across the world to stop killing creativity in children: An Indian perspective. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18(1), 1-6.
Levine, R., Locke, C.., Searls, D., & Weinberger, D. (2001). The Cluetrain Manifesto. Cambridge: Perseus Pub.
Lipman, M. (1976). Can Philosophy for Children be the Basis of Educational Redesign? Journal of Social Studies, 69(6), 253- 57.
Lipman, M. (1980). Philosophy in the Classroom. Philadephia: Temple Universty Press.
Lipman, M. (2003). Thinking in Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Macquarie, J. (1999). Existentialist Philosophy (M. Hanayi Kashani, Trans.). Tehran: Hermes, (In Persian).
Manu, A. (2006). The Imagination Challenge: Strategic Foresight and Innovation in the Global. Berkeley, Calif: New Riders.
Mathews, W. S. J. (1991). The questioning imagination. Milltown studies, 27(1), 14-27.
Mehrmohammadi, M. (2011b). Teaching and Learning Road Map for Schools: Global and yet Local! The Asian Conference on Education, Official Conference Proceedings 2011, 1-7, Retrieved from http://iafor.org/ace_proceedings.html.
Mehrmohammdi, M. (1996). Theoretical and practical aspects of the question-oriented Education. Journal of Psychology and Education, 1(2). (In Persian).
Mehrmohammdi, M. (2005). The Knowledge-based Society and Question-oriented Education Theory, In Tehran: SAMT, (In Persian).
Mehrmohammdi, M. (2010). Recognition and Explanation the Concept and Role of Imagination in Curriculum and Instruction with an Emphasis on Primary Schools, Journal of Studies in Education and Psychology, 11(1), 5-20, (In Persian).
Mehrmohammdi, M. (2011a). An Explanation of the Aesthetic Turn in Education: Lessons for Achieving Quality Education in the Light of Art. Journal of Education, 105, 11-34, (In Persian).
Moore, K. D. (1995). Classroom teaching skills. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Paul, R. (1987). Dialogical thinking: critical thought essential to the acquisition of rational knowledge and passions, In Joan Baron and Robert Sternberg (Ed.), teaching thinking skills: theory and practice, New York: W. H. freeman.
Plato. (1921). Plato in Twelve Volumes (H N. Fowler, Trans.). Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd, Retrieved from perseus digital library: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu.
Ricoeur, P. (1979). The metaphorical process as cognition, imagination and feeling, In S. Sacks (Ed.), On Metaphor (pp. 141-157), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Samli, A. C. (2011). From Imagination to Innovation: New Product Development for Quality of Life, New York: Springer.
Shaheen, R. (2010). Creativity and Education. Creative Education, 1(3), 166-169.
Shodell, M. (1995). The question-driven classroom: Student questions as course curriculum on biology. The American Teacher, 57, 278–281.
Stafford, Ottilie. (1993). The questioning imagination, Spectrum, The Journal of the Association of Adventist Forums, 22(5).
Topping, K. J. & Trickey S. (2007). Collaborative Philosophical Enquiry for School Children: Cognitive Effects at 10-12 Years. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 271-288.
Vogt, E. E., Brown, J., & Isaacs, D. (2003). The Art of Powerful Questions: catalyzing insight, innovation, and action. CA: Whole Systems Associates.
Von Oech, R. (1986). A Kick in the Seat of the Pants. New York: Harper and Row Incorporated.
Vygotsky, Lew. S. (2004). Imagination and Creativity in Childhood (M. E. Sharpe, Trans.). Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 42(1), 7–97.
Whitehead, A. N. (1967). The Aims of Education and Other Essays. New York: The Free Press, p. 18.
Wilson, E. O. (1999). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage Books.
CAPTCHA Image